FAQ

The Centre for Drug Research (CDR) stands as a prominent research entity within Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), a major research and academic institution situated on the island of Penang. This strategic placement within a well-established university provides CDR with access to a comprehensive array of resources, including advanced facilities, a diverse pool of expertise, and numerous opportunities for collaborative endeavors across various disciplines. The fundamental mission of CDR is centered on the execution of research that is characterized by its relevance to contemporary challenges in the field of drug development, its innovative approaches to scientific inquiry, and its unwavering commitment to the highest standards of quality. This dual emphasis on both the significance and the methodological rigor of its work underscores CDR's dedication to generating impactful outcomes. Ultimately, the research conducted at CDR is motivated by a profound aspiration to expand the frontiers of scientific knowledge and to generate insights that can be effectively translated into tangible benefits for society, thereby contributing to the overall improvement of human health and well-being.

The online presence of CDR, particularly its official website, serves as a crucial platform for disseminating information to a wide range of stakeholders. The existence of this digital resource highlights the importance of providing readily accessible answers to frequently asked questions. A comprehensive FAQ document, potentially housed on the CDR website, would serve as an invaluable tool for proactively addressing common inquiries from prospective and current staff, students, visiting researchers, potential collaborators, and the general public. This would not only enhance the user experience by providing immediate access to essential information but also potentially reduce the volume of direct inquiries directed to the administrative staff of the center. Furthermore, CDR’s integral connection with USM, a university with a strong reputation in research and academia, provides a robust foundation for its research activities. The established credibility and extensive infrastructure of USM likely contribute significantly to CDR's overall capabilities and standing within the national and international research communities. Being part of a larger, respected institution like USM offers access to a broader network of experts, shared facilities, and a larger pool of potential students and collaborators, all of which are vital for a thriving research center.

At the core of the Centre for Drug Research's operations lies a clearly defined mission, which is to rigorously pursue research that holds significant relevance to current scientific and societal needs, employs innovative methodologies to address complex problems, and adheres to the highest standards of scientific quality. This mission underscores a commitment to ensuring that the research undertaken is not only academically sound but also directly applicable to addressing critical issues in the field. Complementing this commitment to quality and innovation is a dedication to the advancement and dissemination of new and valuable knowledge. CDR strives to contribute to the broader scientific understanding of drug-related issues and to ensure that the knowledge generated through its research is made available to the wider community, with the ultimate aim of serving mankind. This emphasis on the practical application of research findings and their potential to benefit society highlights the ethical and societal considerations that guide the center's work. Looking towards the future, the Centre for Drug Research holds a compelling vision: to achieve and maintain a position of leadership in the dynamic and critically important field of drug research. This aspirational vision serves as a guiding principle for the center's strategic direction, driving its efforts to excel in all aspects of its operations and to continually push the boundaries of scientific discovery in the pursuit of improved health outcomes.

The Centre for Drug Research (CDR) at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) officially came into existence in 1978. Initially established as the Drug Abuse Research Centre, it operated directly under the purview of the Vice Chancellor's office, a clear indication of the early recognition within the university of the critical importance of addressing drug-related issues through dedicated research efforts. However, the groundwork for the formation of CDR was laid several years prior, in 1973, when the Malaysian government, responding to a recommendation from the World Health Organization (WHO), entrusted USM with the task of conducting a comprehensive study into the growing problem of drug abuse within the nation. This early mandate highlights the center's foundational role in addressing a significant national health concern from its inception. Following this directive, a multi-disciplinary program was developed in 1976 under the auspices of the Centre for Policy Research. This program brought together expertise from diverse fields, including neuropsychopharmacology, as well as social and behavioral sciences, demonstrating an early appreciation for the multifaceted nature of drug-related problems and the need for a comprehensive research approach.

By 1981, the quality and significance of the center's work had begun to attract international attention and recognition from prominent global organizations such as WHO and the United Nations Narcotics Commission. This growing international standing led to a significant collaboration with the UN Office on Drugs & Crime, further solidifying the center's reputation as a key player in the field. Recognizing the evolving landscape of drug research, in 1983, WHO identified analytical methods and clinical pharmacology as crucial areas for advancement in the broader field of drug development.4 In recognition of the center's potential to contribute to these areas, WHO awarded CDR a substantial 5-year grant to enhance its research capabilities, thereby enabling it to play a more significant role in drug development research. A pivotal moment in the center's history occurred in 1985, when it was officially elevated to the status of a full-fledged center within USM and was renamed Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-Ubatan (Centre for Drug Research, CDR). This renaming and upgrade marked its formal establishment as a central research unit within the university, signifying its growing importance and expanding scope. The center's commitment to excellence continued to be recognized, and in 2002, two of its core research programs, focusing on Drug Addiction and Anti-Infectives, were acknowledged by USM as World Class Research Programs , highlighting their national and international significance. CDR's dedication to maintaining rigorous standards in its research practices was further validated in 2007 when it received official recognition as a Bioequivalence Study Centre by the National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau, Ministry of Health Malaysia. This accreditation enabled CDR to conduct essential studies to ensure the quality and efficacy of generic pharmaceutical products. In 2008, CDR expanded its engagement with the biotechnology sector by becoming a participant in the Bionexus Partners Program for biomedical analysis, in collaboration with Malaysian Biotechnology Corporation Sdn Bhd. A major milestone was achieved in 2009 when CDR was awarded the prestigious status of Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. This recognition underscored CDR's exceptional research capabilities and its significant contribution to national research priorities. The HICoE status further facilitated collaborative opportunities, leading to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2010 with Pharmaniaga Berhad, a leading Malaysian pharmaceutical company, for CDR to provide consultancy services on optimizing analytical and extraction processes for the Kacip Fatimah Project. In 2011, CDR strengthened its international connections by signing another MoU with Friedrich-Alexander Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, focusing on staff and student exchange in research and the sharing of expertise, particularly in behavioral research related to addiction. Building upon its established strength in addiction research, in 2016, CDR initiated HICoE Phase 2 projects specifically within the specialized area of Behavioral Research in Addiction, indicating a continued commitment to advancing knowledge and developing effective interventions in this critical field. The historical progression of CDR clearly demonstrates a center that has not only grown in size and scope but has also consistently adapted to the evolving needs of drug research, achieving significant national and international recognition along the way through numerous collaborations and accreditations.

The Centre for Drug Research is actively involved in a diverse spectrum of research endeavors, broadly categorized into four primary areas of focus, each contributing uniquely to the multifaceted field of drug-related science. The first of these key areas is Drug Discovery & Development, which encompasses the initial identification of potential drug candidates and the subsequent intricate processes involved in transforming these candidates into viable therapeutic agents for medical use. This area of research includes investigations into both compounds that are synthesized in the laboratory and those that are derived from natural sources. 

The second major research focus is Biomedical Analysis, which involves the application of sophisticated analytical techniques and methodologies to the study of biological samples and processes that are pertinent to how drugs act within the body, how they are metabolized, and how effective they are in treating diseases. This type of analysis is fundamental to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between drugs and biological systems. 

The third significant research area is Neuroscience, which delves into the complexities of the nervous system and examines how drugs can influence brain function, human behavior, and neurological disorders. This research is particularly important for understanding the mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs and for the development of innovative treatments for a wide range of neurological conditions. 

Finally, the fourth main area of research at CDR is Epidemiology & Behavioural Science, which focuses on studying the patterns, causes, and effects of drug use and related behaviors within different populations. This area also explores the various social, psychological, and behavioral factors that contribute to drug use and addiction, providing crucial insights for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies aimed at addressing these complex societal challenges. The identification of these four main research areas highlights CDR's comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to drug research, ensuring that it addresses the full spectrum of issues from the initial discovery of new drugs to understanding their impact on individuals and society as a whole.

While a complete inventory of all ongoing research projects at the Centre for Drug Research is not explicitly detailed in the provided material, the snippets offer valuable glimpses into the diverse and impactful research currently being undertaken. The recognition of Dr. Farah Wahida Suhaimi with the Young Investigator Award at the IABS 2022 Conference and Dr. Zurina Hassan with the prestigious Georg Forster Research Award strongly suggests that both individuals and their respective research teams are actively engaged in significant and potentially groundbreaking research within their fields of expertise. While the specific details of their award-winning projects are not provided here, these accolades serve as indicators of the high caliber of research being conducted at CDR. Furthermore, CDR's active participation in the 30th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Malaysian Society of Neurosciences clearly points to ongoing research within the domain of neuroscience. This could encompass a wide range of studies, including investigations into the effects of various drugs on brain function, the development of novel therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders, or research aimed at elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of addiction. Examining the publication records of researchers affiliated with CDR, as found on platforms like ResearchGate, provides further concrete examples of past and likely continuing research interests. Topics such as the detailed analysis of the phytochemical composition of kratom, the identification of research gaps in the existing literature on kratom and its products, studies on risky sexual behaviors and contraceptive use among women who use drugs in Malaysia, and investigations into factors associated with substance use during pregnancy and breastfeeding illustrate the specific areas of inquiry and the expertise present within the center. Additionally, the mention of HICoE Phase 2 projects specifically focused on Behavioral Research in Addiction indicates a significant and sustained commitment to understanding and addressing the complex behavioral dimensions of drug addiction. This ongoing research likely involves a variety of projects exploring the psychological, social, and environmental factors that contribute to addictive behaviors, as well as the development and evaluation of effective intervention strategies. These examples collectively demonstrate the breadth and depth of research activities at CDR, spanning from fundamental scientific investigations to studies with direct clinical and public health relevance. The recognition received by CDR researchers through awards and their active engagement in scientific meetings further underscore the quality and impact of their work.

To effectively support its wide-ranging research activities, the Centre for Drug Research is equipped with an extensive array of modern facilities and sophisticated equipment. These include a number of specialized laboratories meticulously designed to facilitate various research methodologies essential for drug discovery and development. Among these are dedicated laboratories for screening potential drug candidates, enabling researchers to conduct high-throughput testing of numerous compounds to identify those with promising therapeutic properties. Facilities for molecular simulation are also available, allowing researchers to utilize computational tools to model and predict how drugs might interact with biological molecules at a fundamental level. For the synthesis and modification of chemical compounds with potential medicinal applications, CDR houses well-equipped drug chemistry laboratories. Additionally, there are dedicated biochemistry laboratories where researchers can study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms in relation to the action of drugs. The center also boasts advanced spectroscopic equipment, including UV and mass spectroscopy, which are crucial for identifying and characterizing the chemical structures of various compounds. For the separation and analysis of complex mixtures, such as those found in natural products or biological samples, CDR is equipped with sophisticated chromatography systems, including both liquid and gas chromatography. To study the effects of drugs in living organisms, the center maintains dedicated animal pharmacology laboratories. Furthermore, for research focused on drugs that target infectious agents, there are well-equipped microbiology laboratories.

Beyond these specialized laboratories, CDR also houses a significant collection of major analytical equipment. This includes a high-performance Gas chromatography system – Agilent Technologies 6890N Network GC System/5973 inert mass selective detector, which is used for separating and identifying volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. An FTIR – Nicolet 6700 Thermo Scientific instrument is available for identifying functional groups within molecules based on their characteristic infrared absorption patterns. For the analysis of electroactive compounds, CDR has a HPLC ECD (autosampler) – Antec system. A versatile HPLC DAD – Agilent 1200 Series system, equipped with a diode array detector, allows for the detection of a wide range of compounds based on their unique UV-Vis absorbance spectra. For enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in analysis, CDR also possesses a HPLC UV/Vis & fluorescence detector – Jasco UV 2070 Plus, FP 2020 Plus. Additionally, a HPLC UV/Vis detector – Perkin Elmer Series 200 provides another robust platform for general compound analysis. The official CDR website further highlights the availability of specific facilities such as a Cell Culture Facility, a Radioactivity Detection Facility, Animal Behaviour and Electrophysiology Facilities, and a Molecular Biology Research Facility.2 This comprehensive suite of laboratories and cutting-edge equipment clearly positions CDR as a well-resourced center capable of undertaking sophisticated and impactful research across a broad spectrum of drug discovery and development. This robust infrastructure serves as a significant advantage in attracting and supporting high-quality research projects and fostering innovation in the field.

Yes, the Centre for Drug Research provides a range of valuable research support services designed to facilitate the work of its researchers and collaborators throughout the research process. A key component of these services is the Computer Lab at CDR, which offers several essential forms of assistance.10 These include Data Processing, where researchers can receive support in organizing, cleaning, and preparing their collected data for subsequent analysis. The lab also provides comprehensive Statistical Analysis services, offering expertise and access to a variety of specialized software tools, including SPSS, SigmaStat, SigmaPlot, GraphPad Prism, EquivTest, PK Solutions, Enzyme Kinetics, and nQuery Advisor, which are essential for conducting rigorous statistical evaluations, including the specialized analysis of bioequivalence data. Furthermore, the Computer Lab offers support in the Development and Monitoring of Information Systems/Databases, assisting researchers in creating and managing efficient systems for organizing and accessing their research data. Another important service provided is assistance with the Formatting of Reports and Manuscripts, helping researchers to prepare their findings for publication in accordance with the specific formatting requirements of different journals and publications. Beyond these research-specific services, the Computer Lab also provides essential Computer Services, including support for network configuration, in-house training on various software packages, and troubleshooting for hardware and software issues encountered by CDR staff and students. The official CDR website also features a dedicated section titled "Research Services", which likely contains further details about other available forms of support beyond those directly offered by the Computer Lab. Exploring this section would provide a more complete understanding of the comprehensive research support ecosystem that exists within the Centre for Drug Research. The provision of these diverse research services underscores CDR's commitment to fostering a supportive and efficient environment for its research community, ensuring that researchers have access to the necessary tools and expertise to effectively conduct their work from the initial stages of data management and analysis through to the final preparation of their findings for dissemination.

The Centre for Drug Research has cultivated an extensive and diverse network of research partners and collaborators spanning across international, regional, and national levels. This broad network plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of knowledge, the sharing of valuable resources, and the development of collaborative research projects, thereby significantly enhancing the overall impact and reach of CDR's research endeavors. CDR has established collaborations with ten prominent International Partners, located in various countries around the world: Yale University (USA), in-ADME Research (USA), Friedrich-Alexander University (Germany), King’s College London (UK), Newcastle University (UK), University of Hertfordshire (UK), Uppsala University (Sweden), University of Parma (Italy), Queen’s University (Canada), and Monash University (Australia). In the Southeast Asian region, CDR actively collaborates with three key Regional Partners: the National Neuroscience Institute (Singapore), Kaohsiung Medical University (Taiwan), and Prince of Songkla University (Thailand). Within Malaysia, CDR has forged strong research relationships with several leading National Partners: Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Monash University Malaysia, and Universiti Malaya. Furthermore, collaborative efforts extend within Universiti Sains Malaysia itself, as demonstrated by joint initiatives such as the 'Program Tautan Kasih Ramadan' with Penang General Hospital, which involved the participation of the Academic Management Division, the International Mobility & Collaboration Centre (IMCC), and the Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS). The sheer number and geographical diversity of CDR's research partners clearly indicate its strong engagement with the global research community. These collaborations likely foster a rich environment for the exchange of diverse perspectives, the undertaking of joint research projects, and access to a wide range of specialized expertise and resources. This extensive network significantly enhances CDR's capacity to address complex research questions and to contribute meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge in the field of drug research.

Table 1: List of Research Partners and Collaborators

International
Yale University, USA
in-ADME Research, USA
Friedrich-Alexander University, Germany
King’s College London, UK
Newcastle University, UK
University of Hertfordshire, UK
Uppsala University, Sweden
University of Parma, Italy
Queen’s University, Canada
Monash University, Australia

Regional
National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
Prince of Songkla University, Thailand

National
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA)
Monash University Malaysia
Universiti Malaya

The Centre for Drug Research at Universiti Sains Malaysia provides comprehensive postgraduate education through research-focused programs that lead to the attainment of higher degrees at both the Master's and Doctoral levels.14 These programs are meticulously designed to equip students with the advanced knowledge, specialized skills, and critical thinking abilities necessary to become independent and highly competent researchers in the dynamic field of drug research. The two primary postgraduate programs offered by CDR are: Sarjana Sains (Mod Penyelidikan), which translates to Master of Science (by Research Mode), and Doktor Falsafah (Mod Penyelidikan), which translates to Doctor of Philosophy (by Research Mode). Both of these programs are administered by the Centre for Drug Research and Medicine (Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-ubatan - PPDU) and emphasize in-depth, original research culminating in a substantial thesis or dissertation. Recognizing the diverse needs and circumstances of prospective students, both the Master's and PhD programs can be pursued on either a full-time or a part-time basis, offering flexibility in terms of study duration and commitment. Admission to these postgraduate programs at CDR is open throughout the academic year, providing multiple entry points for interested candidates. However, it is important for prospective students to be aware of and adhere to the university's specific term dates for fee payments and other administrative procedures. The application process for postgraduate study at CDR is conducted entirely online through the web-based system managed by the USM Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS), which can be accessed at http://onlineips.usm.my/admission/.14 All submitted applications undergo a thorough review and approval process by the dedicated CDR postgraduate study committee to ensure that admitted candidates meet the required academic standards and research potential. For detailed and up-to-date information regarding specific academic term dates and the detailed entry requirements for each postgraduate program, prospective students are strongly advised to consult the official website of the USM Institute of Postgraduate Studies, available at http://www.ips.usm.my/index.php/prospective-students/admission. Information pertaining to tuition fees for postgraduate programs and details about available financial assistance options can also be found on the USM Institute of Postgraduate Studies website at http://www.ips.usm.my/. Registered postgraduate students at CDR are eligible to apply for accommodation in university-managed student residences through the university's Housing and Accommodation Unit (Unit Perumahan dan Penginapan Universiti). Information about this process can be found on the relevant university website. Additionally, for students who prefer off-campus living, the FAQ mentions that private housing options are also available, with advertisements often posted on popular Malaysian websites such as www.mudah.my and www.ibilik.my.14 In terms of healthcare, all registered students are entitled to receive medical treatment and access health services at the USM Sejahtera Centre (Pusat Sejahtera USM), which can be accessed online at http://www.pusatsejahtera.usm.my/index.php/ms/.14 For prospective students who are interested in learning more about the specific research areas and potential research opportunities available within CDR, they are directed to the dedicated "(https://drug.usm.my/index.php/research/focus)" section on the official CDR website. The strong emphasis on research-based postgraduate programs at CDR aligns perfectly with its core mission as a leading research center. The availability of both Master's and PhD programs, coupled with the flexibility of full-time and part-time study options and the provision of comprehensive support services such as accommodation and health services, makes CDR an attractive destination for individuals aspiring to pursue advanced research in the field of drug science.

Postgraduate Programs Offered

Sarjana Sains (Mod Penyelidikan) / Master of Science (Research Mode)
Full-time, Part-time
Centre for Drug Research and Medicine (Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-ubatan - PPDU)
http://www.ips.usm.my/index.php/prospective-students/admission 

Doktor Falsafah (Mod Penyelidikan) / Doctor of Philosophy (Research Mode)
Full-time, Part-time
Centre for Drug Research and Medicine (Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-ubatan - PPDU)
http://www.ips.usm.my/index.php/prospective-students/admission 

Yes, the Centre for Drug Research actively provides valuable opportunities for undergraduate students to engage in research through its well-established industrial training placement program.12 This program is specifically designed to offer undergraduate students hands-on experience within a real-world research setting, allowing them to effectively apply the theoretical knowledge they have acquired in their coursework and to develop essential practical skills directly relevant to drug-related research. The industrial training placements at CDR are primarily intended for undergraduate students who have a strong academic background in either chemistry or biology, as these disciplines are closely aligned with the core research activities and expertise of the center. The significant number of students who have participated in this program underscores its value; in the year 2016 alone, CDR hosted a total of 36 industrial trainees who hailed from various universities across Malaysia, including Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST), and Universiti Sains Malaysia itself.12 This high level of participation clearly demonstrates the program's popularity among students and CDR's strong commitment to contributing to undergraduate education and training. Furthermore, in the same year, CDR also hosted an international undergraduate student from Keele University, UK, for a short-term research project specifically focused on the field of neuroscience, highlighting the program's international reach and its ability to attract talented students from around the globe. To ensure accessibility for students with varying academic schedules and industrial training requirements, the application process for industrial training placement at CDR is open throughout the entire year. This continuous application window provides students with greater flexibility in planning their training. The designated point of contact for all inquiries related to industry engagement and these training placements is Associate Prof. Dr. Zurina Hassan, who holds the position of Industrial Training Coordinator at CDR. This provides a clear and direct channel for students who are interested in applying for or seeking more information about the research opportunities available through the industrial training program at the Centre for Drug Research. The provision of these industrial training placements is a significant contribution by CDR to the broader landscape of undergraduate education in Malaysia and beyond. It offers an invaluable opportunity for students to gain practical research experience that complements their academic studies and can serve as a strong foundation for future careers in drug research or related scientific fields.

While the provided information does not explicitly outline a formal, broadly advertised visiting researcher program at the Centre for Drug Research, there are indications that CDR is receptive to and facilitates visits from researchers affiliated with other institutions. Specifically, the existing Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Friedrich-Alexander Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, includes specific provisions for the exchange of staff and students in research.4 This established agreement clearly provides a framework for researchers from this partner university to visit CDR for collaborative research endeavors and knowledge sharing. Additionally, CDR has been observed to host visitors and delegations from various other institutions, as evidenced by the mention of visits from representatives of Nagoya City University and the KUFS-USM Japanese Cultural Centre. While these instances might not necessarily represent long-term research visits, they do suggest an openness to external engagement and a willingness to foster relationships with researchers from other academic and research organizations, potentially leading to future collaborative opportunities. The official CDR website's section on "Prospective Students" under the postgraduate matters section may also contain information that is relevant to researchers from external institutions who are interested in spending time at CDR for collaborative research or other academic purposes. This section could potentially outline any formal procedures or specific requirements for individuals seeking to visit the center as researchers. Furthermore, the numerous existing collaborations between CDR researchers and their counterparts at other institutions, as highlighted in the list of research partners (Section 2.5) and through co-authored publications, often involve reciprocal visits and exchanges between the collaborating laboratories. Therefore, while a comprehensive, publicly advertised visiting researcher program might not be explicitly detailed in the provided snippets, the existence of formal exchange agreements, instances of hosting delegations, and the prevalence of collaborative research activities suggest that opportunities for visiting researchers, particularly through established partnerships or individual research collaborations, do indeed exist at the Centre for Drug Research. Individuals interested in such opportunities are encouraged to explore the CDR website for any relevant information and to consider reaching out directly to CDR researchers whose work aligns with their own research interests to explore potential collaborative visits.

Yes, as detailed in section 3.2, the Centre for Drug Research provides industrial training placements for undergraduate students who have a background in chemistry or biology.

The Centre for Drug Research offers a range of amenities specifically designed to support the diverse academic, research, and professional needs of its staff and students. A key facility is the well-equipped Computer Lab, which features a comprehensive suite of software packages highly relevant to research activities. These include various statistical analysis tools such as SPSS, SigmaStat, SigmaPlot, GraphPad Prism, EquivTest, PK Solutions, Enzyme Kinetics, and nQuery Advisor, as well as other specialized biostatistical programs. The Computer Lab provides essential services such as data processing, in-depth statistical analysis (including specialized bioequivalence data analysis), the development and maintenance of information systems and databases, and assistance with the formatting of research reports and manuscripts. Additionally, the lab offers crucial computer services, including support for network configuration, in-house software training sessions on various applications, and efficient troubleshooting for hardware and software issues encountered by both CDR staff and students. To facilitate meetings and discussions, CDR provides dedicated Meeting Rooms. The Director’s Meeting Room, located on the first floor, is primarily utilized for management, administrative, and research-related meetings. A more general Meeting Room, situated on the ground floor, offers a suitable space for larger group meetings, seminars, and other gatherings. For academic and research purposes, a valuable Resource Room is available, housing a carefully curated collection of books and magazines that are directly relevant to the diverse research areas and interests of the Centre for Drug Research. This provides a convenient and accessible space for staff and students to consult relevant literature and stay abreast of the latest developments in their respective fields. Recognizing the importance of the physical well-being of its community, CDR also provides a Mini Gymnasium equipped with various fitness machines such as treadmills and cross trainers. This facility is available for use by both staff and students, encouraging a healthy and active lifestyle within the CDR environment. The provision of these diverse amenities clearly demonstrates CDR's commitment to creating a supportive and conducive environment that caters to both the professional and personal needs of its staff and students, ultimately fostering a more productive and positive experience for everyone involved with the center.

The complete physical address for the Centre for Drug Research (CDR) is as follows:

Centre for Drug Research (CDR)
Universiti Sains Malaysia
11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia

As an integral part of Universiti Sains Malaysia, CDR is located on the university's Main Campus, which is situated on the island of Penang. Providing this full and accurate address is essential for anyone who needs to physically locate the center for visits, deliveries, or postal correspondence. Specifying that CDR is located on the main campus of USM helps to provide important geographical context for those unfamiliar with the university's layout.

For general inquiries, the Centre for Drug Research can be contacted via the following telephone numbers:

Phone: +604-658 3444

Phone (Extension): +604-653 3888 Ext. 3272

The facsimile number for CDR is:

Fax: +604-656 8669

The general email address for the Director of the Centre for Drug Research is:

Email: dir_cdr@usm.my

For specific inquiries related to the drug discovery and development facilities, the following individuals can also be contacted:

Professor Dr. Mohd. Nizam Mordi

Abdul Rahim Ali Musa 

Mohd. Hilman Sulaiman 

For inquiries regarding community engagement initiatives, please reach out to:(https://drug.usm.my/index.php/academic-staff/202-dr-darshan-singh-mahinder-singh) (DICN representative at CDR, Sentuhan Qalbu Group)

(https://drug.usm.my/index.php/academic-staff/180-dr-siti-rafidah-yusof-tab) and Associate Prof. Dr. Zurina Hassan (MBBC Zone B Joint Coordinators)

For matters concerning industrial training placements, the primary contact person is:

Associate Prof. Dr. Zurina Hassan (Industrial Training Coordinator) - her specific email address or phone number can likely be found on the CDR website.

Providing multiple avenues for contact, including telephone, facsimile, and a general email address, ensures that individuals can reach the Centre for Drug Research through their preferred method of communication. Additionally, listing specific contact persons for different types of inquiries, such as those related to facilities, community engagement, and industrial training, streamlines the process and ensures that inquiries are directed to the most relevant personnel, leading to more efficient and effective communication.

Specific directions for navigating to the Centre for Drug Research within the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Penang campus are not detailed in the provided research snippets. However, the following general guidance and points of reference should be helpful:

First, it is important to locate the Main Campus of USM, where CDR is situated in Minden, Penang.1 Your initial step would be to make your way to the main entrance of the university. Once on campus, it is highly recommended to consult the official USM campus maps. These maps, which are often available online on the university's website and at information kiosks located across the campus, are invaluable resources for locating specific buildings and centers. You should look for the designated location of the Centre for Drug Research on the map. For those utilizing public transportation, Penang has an extensive network of Rapid Penang buses. You can check the various bus routes to determine if any stop near the USM main campus. Depending on the location of the bus stop relative to CDR within the campus, you might need to utilize the university's internal bus service or proceed on foot. Taxis and ride-sharing services are readily available throughout Penang and offer a direct mode of transportation to the USM main campus. You can provide the driver with the full address of the Centre for Drug Research to ensure you are taken to the correct location. USM often operates its own internal shuttle bus service specifically for students and staff. Information regarding the routes and schedules for this service can typically be found on the university's official website. If you are a student or staff member, this could be a convenient and efficient way to reach CDR. Once you are on the USM campus, be sure to look for directional signages that specifically point towards the Centre for Drug Research or any nearby prominent landmarks that are also indicated on the campus map. Finally, if you have a scheduled visit to CDR, it is always advisable to contact the center directly (using the contact information provided in section 5.2) for the most precise and up-to-date directions or any specific guidance on how to reach their building from a particular entrance or location on the USM campus. While detailed step-by-step directions are not available in the provided material, utilizing these general strategies, along with the recommended resources, should significantly assist visitors in finding their way to the Centre for Drug Research within USM Penang.

The Centre for Drug Research actively engages in a variety of community-focused initiatives, demonstrating a strong commitment to contributing positively to the broader society beyond its academic and research activities.16 These initiatives are designed with several key objectives in mind, including alleviating the burdens faced by vulnerable populations, raising public awareness about important health-related issues, and fostering an early interest in science among young individuals. One notable initiative is the regular visits to the children's cancer ward at Penang Hospital organized by the CDR's dedicated Sentuhan Qalbu Group. During these visits, members of the group provide essential emotional support and care to young cancer patients and their families who are undergoing often challenging medical treatments. This initiative highlights CDR's compassion and its dedication to supporting those in need within the community. For those seeking more information about this particular initiative, Dr. Darshan Singh Mahinder Singh, who serves as the DICN representative at CDR and is a member of the Sentuhan Qalbu Group, can be contacted. Another community engagement effort involves regular visits to the Abu Nur Orphanage by representatives from the CDR Welfare Club. These visits provide an opportunity for CDR staff and students to interact with the children residing at the orphanage, offering companionship, support, and contributing to their overall well-being. This initiative reflects CDR's commitment to supporting local community organizations and making a positive difference in the lives of others. Furthermore, CDR plays a significant role in fostering an interest in brain science among young students by hosting participants of the prestigious Malaysian Brain Bee Challenge (MBBC) and MBBC Juniors competitions. CDR proudly welcomes students from secondary and primary schools in the Penang and Perak (Zone B) regions to participate in these events. The joint coordinators for MBBC Zone B, Dr. Siti Rafidah Yusof and Associate Prof. Dr. Zurina Hassan, can be contacted for further details regarding CDR's involvement in these competitions. In addition to these ongoing initiatives, news reports indicate that CDR also organizes other community-focused events, such as the annual 'Program Tautan Kasih Ramadan,' where the center brings festive cheer to children at Penang General Hospital during the Hari Raya celebrations, often in collaboration with other departments within USM. This highlights a tradition of community outreach and engagement during significant cultural and religious periods. The diverse range of community engagement initiatives undertaken by CDR clearly demonstrates its commitment to social responsibility and its desire to connect with and contribute to the well-being of the wider community it serves. These efforts not only provide valuable support to those in need but also play a crucial role in raising awareness about important issues and inspiring future generations to pursue careers in science.

The Centre for Drug Research actively cultivates engagement with various industry sectors through a range of strategic initiatives. One key aspect of this engagement is the provision of valuable Industrial Training Placements for undergraduate students who have a background in chemistry or biology. This program offers students an opportunity to gain practical, hands-on experience within a real-world research environment, effectively bridging the gap between academic learning and the demands of the industry. The significant number of trainees hosted by CDR in 2016, including students from various Malaysian universities and even an international student, underscores the program's success and CDR's commitment to fostering industry connections. Associate Prof. Dr. Zurina Hassan serves as the Industrial Training Coordinator and is the primary contact person for students and industry partners interested in these placements. CDR also actively pursues Research Partnerships and Collaborations with industry players. A notable example is the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed in 2010 with Pharmaniaga Berhad, a leading pharmaceutical company in Malaysia. Through this collaboration, CDR provided consultancy services to Pharmaniaga on optimizing analytical and extraction processes for their Kacip Fatimah Project, demonstrating the center's expertise and its ability to contribute directly to industry-related challenges. Furthermore, CDR is actively involved in the Bionexus Partners Program for biomedical analysis, in collaboration with Malaysian Biotechnology Corporation Sdn Bhd (now known as Malaysian Bioeconomy Development Corporation). This program is specifically designed to foster synergistic relationships between research institutions and industry partners, with the aim of driving innovation and facilitating the commercialization of research findings within the biomedical sector. The extensive list of CDR's research partners (detailed in Section 2.5) also likely includes collaborations with various industry-related entities, although the specific nature and scope of these partnerships may vary. Overall, CDR's multifaceted approach to industry engagement, encompassing training programs, formal research collaborations, and active participation in industry-focused initiatives, clearly demonstrates its commitment to translating its research expertise into practical applications that benefit the industry and contribute to economic development.

The Centre for Drug Research fosters a dynamic and engaging environment by organizing and participating in a wide variety of activities and events throughout the year. These activities cater to different aspects of academic and professional life, as well as promoting community and well-being. CDR actively participates in and celebrates achievements within the scientific community through involvement in Conferences and Award Ceremonies. This includes attendance and presentations at significant scientific meetings such as the IABS 2022 Conference, where Dr. Farah Wahida Suhaimi received the Young Investigator Award, and the 30th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Malaysian Society of Neurosciences. The recognition of Dr. Zurina Hassan with the prestigious Georg Forster Research Award further exemplifies CDR's engagement with and celebration of research excellence. To promote public outreach and awareness, CDR actively participates in Exhibitions, such as the World Pharmacist Day Exhibition , providing a platform to showcase their research and interact with the broader community. Recognizing the importance of both physical and mental well-being, CDR organizes various Health and Wellness Initiatives for its staff and students. These include collaborations like the #USMFIT IDADAIT Activ Step Challenge with BookDoc, as well as regular Senam Seni (a traditional Malay exercise) activities under the #USMFIT program. CDR also values the contributions of its staff and organizes Recognition and Appreciation Events to acknowledge their hard work and dedication. To foster a strong sense of community and camaraderie, the CDR Staff Welfare Club organizes various Social and Recreational Events, such as bowling tournaments for staff and students. CDR frequently hosts Visitors and Delegations from other academic and research institutions, both domestically and internationally. Examples include delegations from Nagoya City University and the KUFS-USM Japanese Cultural Centre, facilitating valuable opportunities for knowledge exchange and potential future collaborations. Finally, CDR itself has been recognized for its operational excellence, having received the Best Asset Manager (5-Star Rating) award for the Main Campus. The diverse range of activities and events organized and participated in by CDR underscores its commitment to fostering a vibrant and well-rounded environment that supports academic excellence, professional development, community engagement, and the overall well-being of its members.

The Centre for Drug Research (CDR) at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) stands as a well-established and dynamic research institution with a rich history of contributing to the field of drug research. Its evolution from a drug abuse research center to a Higher Institution Centre of Excellence specializing in Behavioral Research in Addiction demonstrates a clear trajectory of growth and adaptation to national and international research priorities. A strong emphasis on collaboration is evident through its extensive network of partnerships with international, regional, and national institutions , highlighting a strategic approach to knowledge sharing and resource mobilization. CDR maintains a balanced research portfolio, encompassing both fundamental and applied research across areas such as drug discovery and development, biomedical analysis, neuroscience, and epidemiology and behavioral science.5 This interdisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of drug-related issues and facilitates impactful research outcomes. The center demonstrates a clear commitment to nurturing future researchers through its postgraduate programs and industrial training opportunities, playing a vital role in building capacity in the field. Furthermore, CDR actively engages with the wider community through various outreach initiatives and fosters strong links with industry partners through training programs and collaborative research projects, showcasing its dedication to translating research into tangible benefits for society and the economy. The availability of well-equipped facilities and comprehensive research support services further enhances CDR's capacity to conduct high-quality research. The diverse range of activities and events organized by CDR contributes to a vibrant and engaging environment for its staff, students, and collaborators. Overall, the Centre for Drug Research at USM Penang is a thriving research hub that plays a significant role in advancing knowledge and addressing critical challenges in the field of drug research, making it a valuable asset to both the university and the wider community.